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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process whereby eggs and sperm are combined outside the body to create embryos, which are then implanted in the uterus.

The first step of an IVF treatment is to suppress the natural menstrual cycle with medication. Fertility hormones are then administered to stimulate egg production in the ovaries. This process is followed by ultrasound scans and, on occasion, blood tests in order to track progress. Eggs are collected under sedation through a minor procedure and, subsequently, fertilised in vitro using sperm, often using ICSI if necessary. Sperm are either prepared for fertilisation, either freshly or by thawing if donated.

The typical duration of a full cycle of IVF is approximately two to three weeks. In some cases, these steps may be divided into multiple parts, extending the overall process.

The IVF procedure is complex, requiring several preparatory steps to enhance success. The first of these involves comprehensive consultations with doctors to understand the procedure. These are followed by thorough health evaluations which include blood tests and ultrasounds to ensure optimal health, and a healthy lifestyle which involves maintaining balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and minimizing stress. 

During the egg retrieval process for IVF, a thin needle is guided into each ovary via the vagina under ultrasound guidance. A suction device connected to the needle retrieves eggs from each follicle. The retrieved eggs are placed in a special solution in a dish, which is then incubated in a controlled environment. Medication and mild sedation are administered to minimize discomfort during the procedure, which typically occurs 36 hours after the final hormone injection, known as the "trigger shot".

In Türkiye, legal procedures require that during IVF, multiple embryo transfers be strictly regulated. Specifically, for women under 35 years old, a single embryo transfer is recommended for the first and second IVF attempts, while up to two embryos may be transferred in subsequent attempts. For women aged 35 and older, a maximum of two embryos can be transferred in all IVF attempts.

Embryo transfer is typically performed without anaesthesia. In some cases, a sedative may be administered and generally, ultrasound guidance may be used to place embryos via a fine catheter into the uterus. Following the procedure, patients rest briefly and can go home within hours, awaiting potential early pregnancy signs. Embryos are usually transferred between days 2-4 post-egg retrieval, though some clinics opt for blastocyst transfer by day 5. Progesterone supplements are provided to support pregnancy viability post-transfer, ensuring optimal conditions until natural production suffices.

IUI involves the placement of washed sperm directly into the uterus, reducing the distance travelled by sperm and enhancing the chances of fertilisation. IVF stimulates the ovaries with hormones to produce multiple eggs, which are retrieved surgically and fertilised externally. Embryos resulting from IVF can be transferred immediately or frozen for later. This process involves more steps and medical oversight than IUI, making it a comprehensive option for couples requiring advanced fertility support.

There is no strict age limit for IVF, but it is important to note that fertility declines significantly with age. Women's fertility typically begins to decrease 5-10 years before menopause. This decline means that while women in their late 30s and 40s can still pursue IVF, their success rates are lower compared to younger women. 

In a woman’s menstrual cycle, her eggs are depleted gradually from adolescence onward. Each month, her ovaries select a few eggs to mature for potential fertilization during ovulation. Typically, only one or two eggs become fully mature and are released; if they fail to be fertilized, menstruation occurs, and the cycle repeats. In in vitro fertilization (IVF), eggs are retrieved after hormonal stimulation, representing that particular month’s potential for fertilization. This process offers a potential solution for those seeking to conceive by utilizing eggs that might otherwise be naturally lost each cycle.

There are several potential risks associated with IVF. One significant concern is the likelihood of multiple pregnancies, which may lead to premature birth and low birth weight. Additionally, there is a possibility of miscarriage and instances where the embryo implants outside the uterus, which is known as an ectopic pregnancy. Another rare but serious complication is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which involves the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen and chest. Furthermore, the egg retrieval process may occasionally result in bleeding, infection, or damage to nearby organs such as the bowels or bladder. 

It has been estimated that approximately 80% of IVF patients reach embryo transfer (ET), yet only a small proportion of embryos implant successfully. A study involving 1091 IVF cycles that did not require bed rest after ET showed a clinical pregnancy rate of 30%, which is comparable to other programs that require bed rest. These results suggest that bed rest following ET is unnecessary and that normal activities can be resumed immediately after the procedure without negatively affecting implantation or pregnancy success rates.

The IVF cost varies depending on the specific treatment plan and the individual's needs.

IVF is an appropriate treatment option for couples with blocked tubes, low ovarian reserve, male infertility, or unexplained infertility.

The success rate of IVF treatment is dependent on some factors. For example, the success rate for women under the age of 35 is 46.7%, while the rate for women aged 43 and above is 3.2%.